One author |
Multiple authors: Two authors |
Multiple authors: Three or more |
DOIs
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) are allocated to the majority of journal articles that are available online. A DOI is a combination of numbers and letters which are assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to it on the internet.
Reference list
Print Journal
If you access a journal through a printed copy then you do not need to include a DOI in your reference list.
Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of journal article. Title of journal, Volume number(Issue number), page numbers.
Reference with DOI
If the journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in your reference list starting with https://doi.org/ so that the DOI becomes a live link in the reference list.
Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of journal article. Title of journal, Volume number (Issue number), page numbers. DOI
Reference without DOI
If the journal article does not have a DOI, the home page for the journal can be included in the reference list.
Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of journal article. Title of journal, Volume number (Issue number), page numbers. https://URL
In-text reference
OR
Reference list
In-text reference
Narrative:
Parenthetical:
Reference list
In APA 7th edition, three or more authors' names are abbreviated to the first author and et al. from the first citation.
In-text reference
First narrative citation:
Subsequent narrative citations:
OR
First parenthetical citation:
Subsequent parenthetical citations:
Reference list