In the 7th edition, the location of the publisher is omitted.
| Abbreviations | No author |
| Author initials (spacing) | Order |
| Hanging Indents | References by the same author with the same publication date |
| Group author | Reference Lists |
| Line spacing | Sample Reference List |
These are the acceptable abbreviations in the reference list to refer to parts of the source being referenced.
| Abbreviation | Book or publication part |
| ed. | edition |
| Rev. ed. | Revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | Second edition |
| Ed. (Eds.) | Editor (Editors) |
| et al. | and others |
| n.d. | No date |
| No. | number (series) |
| p. (pp.) | page (pages) |
| para. | paragraph |
| Pt. | part |
| Vol. | Volume (not used for journals) |
Hanging indents are used to align the first author's surname with the margin and wrap the second and subsequent lines of the reference using an indent. The instructions for hanging indents in MS Word are:
If an organisation or group is given as the author (i.e. there are no individual author names) write the organisation's name in full as the author.
If the group author is also the publisher, omit the publisher.
For Endnote users, type a comma at the end of the organisation's name in the author field to stop Endnote abbreviating the organisation's name as though it were an individual's name.
Examples:
(American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 288)
If there is no author or the author is not known, use the title in place of the author and alphabetise by the first significant word. In this example, the reference would be alphabetised by "S." The title remains italicised.
Example:
The word Anonymous is used only for works that have "Anonymous" as the author.
Several works by different authors with the same surname are ordered by first initial.
References by the same author with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by title (excluding A or The). Place lowercase letters--a, b, c, and so forth--immediately after the year, within the parentheses.
See also the references to Cooling's work in the Sample Reference List below.
(American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 303-306)
References by the same author(s) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by title (excluding A or The). Place lowercase letters--a, b, c, and so forth--immediately after the year, within the parentheses.
Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control ...
Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of ...
Once you know the order of the reference list (by title) use the publication year with the lower-case letter for in-text citations, e.g. (Baheti, 2001b).
(American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 303-306)
The reference list is located at the end of your assignment. It starts on a new page and includes the details of every source you have referred to in your assignment. APA Style does not use bibliographies (all the sources you read) but a reference list only (sources you referred to in your assignment).
Reference lists should be organised alphabetically according to authors' names and then chronologically if there is the same author for two or more references.
Example:
Ames, M. (2013). Engaging "apolitical" adolescents: analyzing the popularity and educational potential of dystopian literature post-9/11. High School Journal, 97(1), 3-20.
Arnold, M., & Kunzel, B. (2007). Speculative fiction: classroom must-reads. English Journal, 97(1), 118-122.
Blakemore, S.-J., & Frith, U. (2005). The learning brain: Lessons for education. Blackwell.
Blakemore, S.-J., & Frith, U. (2008). The literate brain. In K. W. Fischer & M. H. Immordino-Yang (Eds.), The Jossey-Bass reader on the brain and learning (pp. 229-241). Jossey-Bass.
The title of the book or journal article should be italicised and hanging indents should be used (not shown in this example). See the Sample Reference List on this page for correct format of hanging indents.
Formatted in MS Word
The reference list uses the same line spacing as the body of your assignment (1.5 or double-spaced). A blank line between entries in the reference list is optional.
Author names with two or more initials have a blank space between initials. See Sample Reference List for more examples.
Reference list